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Princy ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, HU
2 Department of Human Development, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Happiness is a multidimensional construct comprising of emotional and cognitive elements. It is related with positive emotions whereas intellectual, emotional and spiritual growth balance our material pursuits and make us happy. Happiness can be achieved provided one has the wisdom of discovery, the wisdom of contentment, the wisdom of gratitude, the wisdom of giving and wisdom of self-actualization. Spirituality is to some extent an one-to-one communication with the divine without the influence of any organization or a set of dogmatic views. It is based more on personal experiences rather than the experience of others. Religion may be defined as a way of life revealed in emotional expressions and inspired by faith in God or in a "supernatural power" which controls and guides the action of man and the destiny of world. Man often feels that his life is incomplete and imperfect. He longs for perfection. This longing makes him to seek the help of some "supernatural power" which can do for him things that he cannot do for himself. Hence, the objectives of the present research were framed to study the state of happiness, spirituality and religiosity among male and female elderly and to study the relationship and contribution of spirituality and religiosity towards the state of happiness. The sample comprised of 360 elderly persons (180 males and 180 females) in the age group 65years and above, only those elderly were selected for the sample who were leading a retired life, were not suffering from any deadly disease and belonged to middle socio-economic status families. The sample was equally distributed over the three cultural zones of Punjab naming Malwa, Majha and Doaba. Data were collected through questionnaire-cum-interview method. Results revealed that significantly more happiness was perceived by elderly males as compared to their female counterparts. Positive and significant relation between spirituality and state of happiness but non-significant relation between religiosity and state of happiness among elderly were found. Correlation analysis showed positive and significant relationship of happiness with spirituality but negative and non-significant relationship of happiness with religiosity among elderly.

Keywords

Happiness, Religiosity, Spirituality,old Age

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Princy ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, IN

Abstract

India is a home to one out of ten senior citizens in the world. This population, estimated to be over 80 million at present, is projected to grow to 124 million by 2020. Significantly women are doing better with life expectancy at 68 years compared to 66 years for men. Among the total elderly population, those who live in rural areas constitute 78 percent. Sex ratio in elderly population, which was 928 as compared to 927 in total population in the year 1996, is projected to become 1031 by the year 2016 as compared to 935 in the total population. So, the issue to improve the quality of life of these “silver citizens” is unquestionable. Happiness is a multidimensional construct comprising of emotional and cognitive elements. It is related with positive emotions whereas intellectual, emotional and spiritual growth balance our material pursuits and make us happy. Happiness can be achieved provided one has the wisdom of discovery, the wisdom of contentment, the wisdom of gratitude, the wisdom of giving and wisdom of self actualization. Spirituality is to some extent an one-to-one communication with the divine without the influence of any organization or a set of dogmatic views. It is based more on personal experiences rather than the experience of others. The Study” Spirituality as a correlate of Happiness among seniour citizens of Punjab: A comparative study”. Hence the objectives of the present research was framed to study the state of Happiness and Spirituality among male and female senior citizens. To study the relationship and contribution of Spirituality with state of Happiness among elderly. The sample comprised of 360 elderly persons (180 males and 180 females) in the age group 65years and above, only those elderly were selected for the sample who were leading a retired life, were not suffering from any deadly disease and belonged to middle socio economic status families. The sample was equally distributed over the three cultural zones of Punjab naming Malwa, Majha and Doaba each selected District. Data was collected through questionnnaire cum interview method. Results revealed that majority of male as well as female respondents were in average level of spirituality followed by high and low. Non-significant gender differences existed in the level of spirituality among elderly. Maximum number of respondents were having average level of happiness followed by high and low. Male elderly perceived significantly more happiness as compared to their female counterpats. Significant association existed between spirituality and happiness among elderly males and females. Indicating that with increase in spirituality level of happiness also increases. All the dimensions of spirituality wre significantly positively correlated with happiness except biostoria and inner self spirituality was contributing significantly and positively as a protective factor for happiness.

Keywords

Happiness, Spirituality and Ageing.

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Niharika Joshi ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, IN

Abstract

Infertility is a growing problem which is affecting a significant number of individuals. It is not a stable trait but a process with an uncertain trajectory. Infertility has a significant impact on subjective well-being which is a self evaluation of well-being. Since social and personal factors affects the well-being of an individual, therefore studying about them can help to gain a deeper understanding of infertility experience of women. The present study is an attempt to study the association of socio-personal factors with the subjective well-being of infertile women of Ludhiana district. The study was based on a sample of 180 infertile women (90 rural and 90 urban). Socio-personal profile was assessed by a Self- Structured Interview Schedule and subjective well-being was assessed by using Subjective well-being Inventory developed by Nagpal and Sell (1985). Results revealed that socio-personal factors like age, educational qualification, occupational status, family type, duration of infertility are significantly associated with the subjective well-being of the respondents.

Keywords

No Keywords

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Niharika Joshi ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana (Punjab), IN

Abstract

Parenting is viewed by most of the couples as their central role in life, and the thought of not achieving it can be very upsetting. Infertility is a stressor that often taxes a couple's personal and relational resources such that defense mechanisms are a natural outgrowth of the experience. Social and personal factors play a huge role in an individuals' life and studying their association with the defense mechanisms can help to gain a deeper understanding of infertility experience of women. The present study is an attempt to explore the association between socio-personal factors and defense mechanisms used by rural and urban infertile women of Ludhiana district. The study was based on a sample of 180 infertile women (90 rural and 90 urban). Socio-personal profile was assessed by using self- structured Interview Schedule. Defense mechanisms were explored by using Defense Mechanisms Inventory by Mrinal and Singhal (1984). Results revealed that there is a non-significant difference in the use of defense mechanisms as per the socio-economic strata of the respondents. It was also revealed that socio-personal factors like duration of infertility and educational qualification are significantly associated (p<0.01) with principalization and the defense turning against self is significantly associated with family type and working status of the respondents.

Keywords

Socio-Personal Factors, Defense Mechanisms, Infertile Women.

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Princy ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, IN

Abstract

Aging is a natural phenomenon that refers to changes, which occur during the life span and result in differences in structure and function between the youth and the elderly. Traditionally the term elderly has been referred to people who have attained certain age chronologically. Ageing is an inevitable process in which physiological, emotional and mental changes are observed in declining form. It is also known as a closing period of life span. It is "moving away" from more desirable period. Life satisfaction is a sum total of the perception of an individual towards his various aspects of life. It is his life in family, society and the environment he lives in. It is a composite measure comprising of physical, mental and social well being as perceived by each individual or by group of individuals. Life satisfaction includes happiness, satisfaction and gratification as health, marriage, family, work, financial situations, belongingness and trust in others. Life satisfaction of an individual is influenced by various factors. Amongst them death anxiety is one of the major influencing factor. Death anxiety (Thantaphobia) refers to fear and apprehension of one's own death. It is the neurotic fear of loss of the self, which, in intense state, parallels feelings of helplessness and depression. Man's awareness of his own death produces anxiety in him. Death anxiety is feeling of dread, apprehension or solicitude when one thinks of what happens after death, the process of dying or ceasing to be. The study "life satisfaction as a correlate of death anxiety among elderly" was conducted on 360 elderly persons (180 males and 180 females) residing in Punjab state. Only those elderly were selected for the sample who were leading a retired life, were not suffering from any deadly disease, living with their spouses and belonged to middle socio economic status families. Socio-Economic Status Scale developed by Bharadwajwas used to assess the socio economic status of the respondents. Death Anxiety scale by Chouhan and Tiwari and Life satisfaction scale by Alam and Shrivastava were used to assess the death anxiety and life satisfaction of the respondents respectively. The results revealed that significant differences existed in death anxiety and life satisfaction among elderly males and females. A significant and negative correlation between life satisfaction and death anxiety was found indicating that with increase in life satisfaction there is a decrease in death anxiety.

Keywords

Death Anxiety, Life Satisfaction and Ageing.

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Manpreet Kaur ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, IN

Abstract

The present study entitled 'value orientation among rural and urban adolescent boys and girls' was undertaken in the Kapurthala district of Punjab. The study was designed to compare value orientation of adolescents across gender and locale. The sample comprised of 200 adolescents (100 boys & 100 girls) of age group 14-16 years. Personal Value Questionnaire by Sherry and Verma (1994) was used to assess the value orientation of adolescents. The scale consists of 40 items representing ten types of values namely Religious Values, Social Values, Democratic Values, Aesthetic Values, Economic Values, Knowledge Values, Hedonistic Values, Power Values, Family Prestige Values and Health Values. Gender differences revealed that girls possessed more values as compared to boys. In locale differences urban adolescents were found to possess more values as compared to rural adolescents.

Keywords

Value Orientation, Locale, Gender.

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Neha Sharma ¹, Seema Sharma ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Home Science, PAU, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to assess the levels of personality traits and cognitive styles of juvenile delinquents. The sample composed of 120 respondents in 16-18 years of age range, selected from observation homes of six districts, from three cultural zones of Punjab. Further the sample was distributed over two sexes i.e. 80 juvenile delinquent boys and 40 juvenile delinquent girls. Scales used to collect the relevant information for the study were: Eysenck's Personality Questionnaire (Eysenck & Eysenck, 1975) and Cognitive Style Inventory (Jha, 1985). Data depicts that maximum number of the delinquents belonged to the average level of delinquency. Most of the delinquents had shown psychotic and introvert personality and the most common cognitive style among delinquents was undifferentiated style.

Keywords

Juvenile Delinquency, Personality Traits, Cognitive Styles.

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Neha Sharma ¹, Seema Sharma ², Tejpreet Kaur Kang ²

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN
2 Department of Human Development and Family Studies College of Home Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to investigate the assessment of social and emotional maturity amongst juvenile delinquents. The sample comprised of 120 respondents in 16-18 years of age range, selected from observation homes of six districts, from three cultural zones of Punjab. Further the sample was distributed over two sexes i.e. 80 males and 40 females. Scales used to collect the relevant information for the study were: Social Maturity Scale (Rao, 1986) Emotional Maturity Scale (Singh & Bhargava, 1990). Data depicts that maximum number of the delinquents belonged to the average level of delinquency. Low levels of social and emotional maturity were found in most of the delinquents. The juvenile delinquents had shown average level of work orientation, followed by social commitment.

Keywords

Juvenile Delinquents, Social Maturity, Emotional Maturity.

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Anchal Thakur ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹, Seema Sharma ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

The present study was conducted to assess the 'gender and locale differences in the personality traits among adolescents.1 The study was based on 200 adolescents (i.e., 100 rural & 100 urban) in the age range of 16-18 years. The sample was randomly drawn from four Government Senior Secondary Schools purposively selected from rural as well as urban areas of Ludhiana district. Differential Personality Inventory by Singh and Singh was used to assess personality traits of the respondents. It consisted of 150 items representing ten personality traits namely Decisiveness, Responsibility, Emotional Stability, Masculinity, Friendliness, Hetero Sexuality, Ego Strength, Curiosity, Dominance and Self-Concept. Results revealed significant differences in personality traits of the respondents. Boys were scoring better than their female counterparts in majority of the traits as well as in overall personality. Significant locale differences existed between hetero sexuality in rural and urban sample.

Keywords

Personality Traits, Gender, Adolescents.

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Anchal Thakur ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

The present study was conducted to assess the 'gender and locale differences in cyber crime awareness among adolescents'. The study was based on 200 adolescents (i.e., 100 rural & 100 urban) in the age range of 16-18 years. The sample was randomly drawn from four Government Senior Secondary Schools purposively selected from rural as well as urban areas of Ludhiana district. Cyber Crime Awareness Scale by Rajasekhar was used to assess cyber crime awareness of the respondents. The scale consists of 36 items related to different aspects of cyber crime awareness. Results revealed that in cyber crime awareness gender differences were found to be significant among rural boys and girls whereas non-significant differences were seen among urban boys and girls. Significant locale differences existed between rural and urban adolescents.

Keywords

Cybercrime Awareness, Locale Differences, Adolescents.

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Savita Rathour ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development, Punjab Agrieultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Spiritual intelligence is the mental capacity of an individual that makes an individual aware of self and transcendental aspect of one's existence, enhance meaning of self and helps to mastery the spiritual state. The adolescence period is the best time to develop positive emotions and skills, because adolescents are seeking to find their identity and their future personality at this period. Spiritual intelligence has a significant influence on the quality of life and it goes without saying that adolescence is a sensitive period which requires specific training to make a brighter future and be exposed to the difficulties. The present investigation aimed to explore the levels of spiritual intelligence among male and female adolescents and its association with selected socio personal factors. The sample comprised of400 college going adolescents (equally distributed over locale & gender; 200 rural & 200 urban; 200 males & 200 females) in the age range of 18-20 years belonging to intact families. The sample was randomly drawn from government and private colleges of rural and urban Ludhiana. The Roqan Spiritual Intelligence Test by Zanuddin and Ahmed was used to assess the spiritual intelligence of the respondents. It comprised 78 items distributed over six dimensions. The results of the study revealed that locale wise, there was no significant difference among adolescents while, gender wise analysis revealed significant difference in dimensions of interself, spiritual actualization and value orientation. Female adolescents were found to be more inclined towards spirituality in comparison to male adolescents. It was also found that gender was significantly associated with interself andbiostoria dimensions.

Keywords

Adolescents, Spiritual Intelligence, Gender, Locale.

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Manpreet Kaur ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to assess determinants o f perceived risk taking behavior among rural and urban adolescents in rural and urban Ludhiana district o f Punjab state. The sample comprised o f 300 school going adolescents (16-18 years) selected randomly from Government Senior Secondary Schools. A Personal Information Sheet was used to record data regarding demographic profile o f the adolescents. A scale developed by Gullone et al. (2000) was used to assess the perceived risk taking behavior among adolescents. Significant locale differences were found in case ofboys from low level o f perceived risk taking behaviour category. Significant locale differences were found in rural and urban girls in high level o f risk taking behaviour. In total sample non-significant locale differences were found in all the three levels o f perceived risk-taking behaviour. Significant gender wise differences were found between rural girls and boys in all the three levels o f perceived risk-taking behaviour. In total sample significant gender wise differences were found in low level o f risk-taking behavior category.

Keywords

Risk Taking Behavior, Adolescents, Perception.

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Shabnam Ansari ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College ofHome Science, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Stress is as the result of an interaction between an individual's emotional, intellectual, social and physical resources and the demands on him or her. Argued that stress is a different phenomenon from pressure. Stress is something more than pressure. It carries strong overtones of the breakdown of normal performance. Stress is an inevitable part of living. Most o f the stress symptoms that senior citizen generally face are fear of death, feeling of insecurity and general excitement, fatigue, insomnia, gastrointestinal disturbances, depression of spirits, emotional instability, inferiority feelings, pains and headaches, indecision, intolerance, suicidal pre-occupation, panic states, giddiness and genitourinary symptoms and other physiological disturbances. Therefore, the study aims to review variables such as income and social security, social environment and health status which causes for stress among aged elderly.

Keywords

Stress, Income and Social Security, Social Environment and Health Status, Aged Elderly.

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Shabnam Ansari ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development and Family Studies, College of Home Science Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Old age is beset with a host of problems relating to physical, psychological, economic and social zones of life. Health however remains a major issue to contend with in old age. For the individual, health determines his ability to perform those tasks which facilitate his participation in social and economic life. Life satisfaction among the elderly has become an important issue in geriatric care. The available literature shows that it is affected by various physical, emotional, social and mental conditions. The satisfaction of the elderly with life depends on subjective and objective variables. Therefore, the study aims to review variables such as income and social security, social environment (spouse, child, grandchild, relatives, neighbours, etc.) and the satisfaction with health status which affects the life satisfaction of*aged elderly.

Keywords

Life Satisfaction, Health, Income, Social Security, Social Environment, Elderly People.

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Amandeep Kaur ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

The present study was conducted to assess the relationship of mental health with suicidal ideation among adolescents. The study was based on 240 adolescents (i.e., 120 rural & 120 urban) in the age range of 16-18 years. The sample was randomly drawn from four Government Senior Secondary Schools purposively selected from rural as well as urban areas of Ludhiana district. Suicidal Ideation Scale by Sisodia and Bhatnagar (2016) was used to assess suicidal ideation of the respondents and the scale consisted of25 items where as Mental Health Battery by Singh and Sengupta (2000) was used to assess the mental health of the adolescents and the battery consisted of 130 items. Results revealed significant gender-wise and locale-wise correlation between mental health and suicidal ideation among adolescents.

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Amandeep Kaur ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

The present study was conducted to assess the relationship of mental health with suicidal ideation among adolescents. The study was based on 240 adolescents (i.e., 120 rural & 120 urban) in the age range of 16-18 years. The sample was randomly drawn from four Government Senior Secondary Schools purposively selected from rural as well as urban areas of Ludhiana district. Suicidal Ideation Scale by Sisodia and Bhatnagar (2016) was used to assess suicidal ideation of the respondents and the scale consisted of 25 items whereas Mental Health Battery by Singh and Sengupta (2000) was used to assess the mental health of the adolescents and the battery consisted of 130 items. Results revealed significant gender-wise and locale-wise correlation between mental health and suicidal ideation among adolescents.

Keywords

Mental Health, Suicidal Ideation, Adolescents, Rural and Urban.

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Deepali Dogra ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

The present study was undertaken to assess the determinants of psychological capital among rural and urban adolescents residing in Ludhiana district of Punjab state. The sample comprised of 400 school going adolescents (16-18 years) selected randomly from Government Senior Secondary Schools. A personal information sheet was used to record data regarding demographic profile. Psychological Capital scale developed by Luthans, Youssef, and Avolio was used to assess the psychological capital among adolescents. Significant locale-wise differences were found at low level of efficacy dimension of psychological capital. Significant locale differences existed between adolescents which revealed that major proportion of rural respondents than urban respondents were found at medium level of psychological capital. Higher percentage of urban respondents then rural respondents existed at medium category of optimism dimension of psychological capital. With regard to total sample significant locale differences were found at medium level as well as among boys of both rural and urban areas.

Keywords

Psychological Capital, Adolescents

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Vitasta Dhawan ¹, Tejpreet Kaur Kang ¹

Affiliations
1 Department of Human Development & Family Studies, Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana, Punjab, IN

Abstract

Over the past few decades, internet usage has exploded, and internet addiction has become a significant problem across the globe. This study aimed to ascertain the prevalence of internet addiction among adolescents (18-20 years) in India and to identify its association with comorbid mental health problems. A total of 240 participants were selected from rural and urban degree colleges of Ludhiana using random sampling for this cross-sectional study. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect data, including Young's 20 items internet addiction test to assess the internet addiction and depression anxiety stress scale by Lovibond and Lovibond. The overall prevalence of internet addiction and comorbid mental health problems was 27.1% and 19.58%. In chi-square analyses, internet addiction was significantly associated with depression, anxiety, stress and comorbid mental health problems (p < 0.05). Our study unmasked a greater pervasiveness of internet addiction among adolescents and depicted its association with depression, anxiety and stress. Therefore, measures should be taken to ascertain at-risk youngsters and invoke awareness concerning compulsive use of the internet and the risk of associated mental health problems. Adolescents should be educated to be smart users of technology to benefit from it constructively and productively.

Keywords

India, internet addiction, adolescents, depression, anxiety and stress.

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